Is it true that animals need reinforcement and punishment to learn?

动物真的需要强化和惩罚才能进行学习吗
No,

答案是否定的
and there's several demonstrations at the time of Skinner

早在斯金纳的时代就已经有证据表明
suggesting that they don't.

动物无需强化与惩罚也能进行学习
This is from a classic study by Tolman

这是托尔曼的经典实验
where rats were taught to run a maze.

训练白鼠走迷津
And what they found was the rats did fine.

研究者们发现白鼠能够很好的解决问题
They learn to run a maze faster and faster

在不断得到奖励的条件下
when they're regularly rewarded

白鼠跑出迷津的速度越来越快
but they also learn to run a maze faster and faster

但在完全不予奖励的条件下
if they are not rewarded at all.

白鼠依然能越来越快的跑出迷津
So the reward helps,

因此奖励有所帮助