来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：心理学导论 第4集 第4集》

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  and there's several demonstrations at the time of Skinner
  早在斯金纳的时代就已经有证据表明
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  suggesting that they don't.
  动物无需强化与惩罚也能进行学习
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  This is from a classic study by Tolman
  这是托尔曼的经典实验
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  where rats were taught to run a maze.
  训练白鼠走迷津
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  And what they found was the rats did fine.
  研究者们发现白鼠能够很好的解决问题
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  They learn to run a maze faster and faster
  在不断得到奖励的条件下
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  when they're regularly rewarded
  白鼠跑出迷津的速度越来越快
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  but they also learn to run a maze faster and faster
  但在完全不予奖励的条件下
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  if they are not rewarded at all.
  白鼠依然能越来越快的跑出迷津
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  So the reward helps,
  因此 奖励有所帮助
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  but the reward is in no sense necessary.
  但并非必须
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  And here's a more sophisticated illustration of the same point.
  有个更复杂的例子能够说明这个观点