来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：心理学导论 第4集 第4集》

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  and punishment.
  是截然相反的
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  Finally, is it true that
  最后 对于学习来说
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  there's no animal-specific constraints for learning?
  真的没有物种局限性吗
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  And again, the answer seems to be "no."
  答案同样是否定的
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  Animals, for instance, have natural responses.
  举例来说 动物拥有各种自然反应
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  So, you could train a pigeon to peck for food
  你可以训练鸽子啄食
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  but that's because pecking for food is a very natural response.
  但这只是因为啄食是种自然反应而已
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  It's very difficult to train it
  训练鸽子通过叼啄
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  to peck to escape a situation.
  来脱离某种情境是很困难的
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  You can train it
  你可以训练鸽子
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  to flap its wings to escape a situation
  通过扇动翅膀来脱离某个情境
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  but it's very difficult to get it to flap its wings for food.
  但却很难通过训练鸽子扇动翅膀来进食