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estimate from that how much body fat a person actually has.
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The most precise way, the gold standard of measuring this,
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is to weigh people under water
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which is what you see in the upper left.
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A person sits on a chair,
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is submerged in water for just a very short time,
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and their body fat can get estimated from that
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because lean tissue and fat tissue have different densities
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and that can be determined through calculations.
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Of course you could imagine
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how this is difficult to do with large numbers of people
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and if you have to have the right equipment.