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So, let's put the Sun here;
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let's put the planet here.
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The planet's at the location r.
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You go back, as usual, to the only equation in town: F = m·a.
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Now F, I told you,
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has to be deduced every time with painstaking, experimental data.
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Without that, F = m·a is useless.
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If you don't know what's on the left-hand side, independently--
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Let me repeat again,
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you don't say the force on the body is m·a.
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The force on the body is due to a spring,
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due to gravity, due to charges -- whatever.