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to the force pointing towards the center,
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and Newton has told us what the force is: G·M·m / r^2.
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Everybody understand now?
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The left-hand side is the effect,
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the right-hand side is the cause.
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If you're spinning a rock, spinning it in a circle,
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that also has an acceleration toward the center
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but the string is providing the force
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and you can work out the force of a spring, of the string.
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Here, it's the unseen force of gravity
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from the Sun reaching out to a planet
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and pulling it in.