来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：1871年后的法国 第16集 第16集》

• 
  
  published I think in 1982, The Loneliness of Dying,
  "临终者的孤寂" 大概1982年出版的
• 
  
  in which he presents this process from once again the death experienced at home
  书中他描述了在家里由亲人包围着的死亡
• 
  
  to a kind of invisible and a solitary death we experience right now, today.
  和我们现在这种不为人知的孤独的死亡过程
• 
  
  So, before World War One only those who had no family, only those who had no home,
  所以 一战前只有没有亲人的人才会孤独死去
• 
  
  will die alone or will die in the hospital.
  或是死在医院里
• 
  
  The funeral vigil was also very important and a very respected ritual
  葬礼前的守夜 在法国这样的天主教国家
• 
  
  in a Catholic country like France.
  也是很受重视的仪式
• 
  
  Industrialized warfare, World War One,
  一战这样工业化的战争
• 
  
  changed this tradition in the most violent and the most brutal way.
  以一种最暴力和残忍的方式改变了这一传统
• 
  
  All the stages-- and they are very important
  每个步骤 都很重要
• 
  
  all the stages that used to prepare a person for bereavement were simply eliminated.
  每个为丧亲的人做好心理准备的步骤却都被省略了
• 
  
  of loss were also eliminated.
  也被省略了