来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：1600年后西方社会的流行病 第8集 第8集》

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  First, I would say there's
  首先 我认为
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  an institutional basis that made it possible,
  有制度基础才能使其成为可能
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  and that is the hospital.
  这个制度基础便是医院
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  Hospitals already existed,
  医院虽已经存在
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  but not as places of treatment so
  但与其说是安全的治疗场所
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  much as safety nets or dumping grounds for the aged,
  还不如称之为老年人
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  the incurable, the orphaned.
  无药可医者和孤儿的倾倒场
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  The Industrial Revolution and urbanization,
  工业革命和城市化
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  however, radically increased the numbers of patients,
  使病患数量急剧上升
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  and the hospitals were often
  而医院通常
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  associated with philanthropy and the church.
  与慈善组织或教堂有关联
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  And Paris, the great center of Western Europe,
  而巴黎 这个西欧大都市