来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：1600年后西方社会的流行病 第8集 第8集》

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  the stethoscope in 1816,
  1816年听诊器的问世
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  so that the modern physical examination
  因此现代体检
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  became more one-- not just observing the patient,
  变得更 不再是仅仅对病人的观察
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  but examining him or her,
  而是对其进行检查
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  and the stethoscope became
  听诊器成为了
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  a hallmark and symbol of the Paris school.
  巴黎医学院的标志
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  Indeed, it became a symbol
  也成为了十九世纪
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  in nineteenth-century medicine.
  医学的标志
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  Here we see--this was the
  在这里我们可以看到
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  monaural stethoscope of the type used by Laennec.
  这是雷奈克用过的一种单耳听诊器
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  It may have been important
  雷奈克曾经是一个音乐家
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  also that he was a musician,
  一位横笛吹奏者