来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：1600年后西方社会的流行病 第14集 第14集》

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  and without the idea of localism; that is, lesions.
  还有对病变的定位也很重要
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  And also essential was the new development
  病理解剖学的新发展
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  of pathological anatomy,
  也是必不可少的
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  derived from the post-mortem in the Paris hospitals.
  这是由巴黎医院的验尸衍生出来的
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  The idea of specificity was critical.
  病毒特异性的观点是至关重要的
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  Any further progress to the idea of a microbial disease
  所有进一步对微生物引发疾病的探究
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  depended on the view that diseases didn't transform
  都以疾病不会相互转化
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  from one into another.
  为基础
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  Before the Paris School, it was common to believe,
  在巴黎学派之前
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  for example, that cholera-- to take one disease--
  主流观点认为某种疾病 比如霍乱
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  was simply a heightened form of endemic summer diarrhea.
  只是夏天地方性腹泻的某种严重的形式
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  It wasn't a specific disease,
  而不是另一个明确的疾病