As tissue died,

组织死亡
they gave off toxins that caused infection,

释放毒素从而引发感染
and so infection was simply accepted

因而感染被认为是
as an inevitable, normal part of surgery.

外科手术的正常伴发症无法避免
Lister's surgical revolution occurred with the work he published

1864年李斯特发表的
"On the Antiseptic principle in the Practice of Surgery",

《外科手术中的抗菌原则》开始了他的
in 1864.

外科手术革新
The implications of Pasteur's work on fermentation were that

巴斯德关于发酵的研究的外科学意义在于
you could have an analogy.

我们来做一下类比
If Pasteur was right, there was no spontaneous generation.

如果巴斯德的理论正确那么感染和
An airborne microorganism penetrated the wound

败血症就不是自体产生而是空气中的
and caused infection or septicemia.

微生物通过伤口进入人体而造成