来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：1600年后西方社会的流行病 第13集 第13集》

• 
  
  the people who were skeptical
  也就是对约翰·斯诺的观点
• 
  
  with regard to the ideas of John Snow.
  持怀疑态度的人
• 
  
  These were largely associated with the political left.
  他们主要是左翼政治人物
• 
  
  Why?
  为什么呢
• 
  
  Anticontagionism implied free trade.
  非接触性传播理论支持自由贸易
• 
  
  It was associated with liberalism, and with the defense
  表达了自由民主 维护了公民权利
• 
  
  of individual liberties against arbitrary state bureaucracies.
  而不是支持专断的政府官僚主义
• 
  
  It implied opposition to extreme, and sometimes violent,
  他们极其反对 有时甚至会暴力抵抗
• 
  
  plague measures of public health.
  瘟疫时期的公共卫生措施
• 
  
  So, it wasn't by coincidence that it was a good idea
  所以我们要看看德国地图
• 
  
  to look at a map of Germany, because the most important of
  这并非偶然
• 
  
  the contagionists, Robert Koch, was an icon and promoter
  最重要的接触性传播学家罗伯特·科赫