来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：生物医学工程探索 第24集 第24集》

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  in preparation for testing in people.
  为在人体中实验做准备
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  That's called, that first step
  这是体外实验的第一步
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  in vitro is called lead discovery.
  被称作先导试验
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  My lead drug is X,
  我的先导药物是X
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  this is a promising lead that I'm following,
  这是我所追求的有希望的先导药物
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  and in animal testing you do lead optimization.
  在动物实验中你发现这个药物疗效乐观
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  All of this takes a long time,
  而所有这些会花很长一段时间
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  could take 4 years from the point that you think,
  可能会花上四年 从你有想法开始
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  'Maybe this drug is good,' to,
  "也许这药物是很棒的" 到
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  'Yes I've shown
  "是的 我已经证明了
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  that really is effective in animals.'
  在动物实验中它确实有效"
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  Then, a process of clinical testing happens,
  然后 就会开始一个临床测试的过程