both the nutritive and the non-nutritive sweetener pathways;

无论是有营养还是无营养的甜味剂
how they react to different types of signals

它们如何对不同口味
around sensory perception with taste and flavor particularly.

发出的各种感官信号作出反应
We know now for example, that sensory perception occurs not just

现在我们知道感官知觉不只是在
in the mouth and tongue,

嘴里和舌头上才有
but it occurs through the upper GI tract.

上消化道上其实也有
Signals are sent from there to the brain which have impacts

信号就是从那里传到大脑
on your feeling of satiety or your desire to eat or not to eat.

从而产生饱腹感以降低食欲
How do we actually take that knowledge in a way

我们到底该如何可靠地运用这些知识
in which it's responsible and make sure that food design

来确保食物设计
actually has the desired effect of not encouraging overeating

能达到理想的效果即不引起过度饮食
and actually encourages people to be on a healthy path of consumption?

并使人们有健康的饮食方式呢