that would soon give way to the stark reality

但终归会让路给严酷的现实
that population would increase

也就是人口增长
in a way that would outstrip the food supply.

会远远超过食物供给的速度
Here he's quoted in this essay as saying,

他的原文是这样的:
The power of population is so superior to the power of the earth

人类增长的速度远超土地提供食物
to produce subsistence for man that premature death

使人存活而不至夭折的速度
must in some shape or other visit the human race.

死亡总会以这样或者那样的方式光临人类
He was correct in noting that hunger was going to be a problem,

他指出的出现饥荒的问题是正确的
but not for the reasons he thought.

但原因却不是他想象的那样
According to his idea,

根据他的观点
you'd expect a function that looks over time to be like this;

你可以看到一个随时间变化的函数图像
that you'd expect the food supply to increase at a rate like this;

你会看到提供食物的速率像这样