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the first in 1817 to '23, which was an Asian event.
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The second pandemic was in the 1830s and affected Asia,
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but also Europe for the first time, and North America.
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The third pandemic of 1846 to '62,
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afflicting Asia, Europe, again North America.
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The fourth pandemic, from '65 to '75, again it was global.
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The fifth pandemic, from 1881 to '96, mainly a matter of Asia and Europe.
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The sixth pandemic of 1899 to '23,
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again primarily an Asian and European event.
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And then the seventh pandemic, from 1960 onward,
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that went through Asia, South America and Africa.
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The last pandemic, however, has been milder and less virulent,