来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：1600年后西方社会的流行病 第10集 第10集》

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  the voyage of pious Muslims to Mecca.
  也就是虔诚的穆斯林去麦加城朝圣
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  Now, that cholera afflicted Europe and North America
  所以霍乱在十九世纪感染了欧洲和北美洲
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  in the nineteenth century wasn't therefore a matter of chance.
  并不是巧合
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  Epidemic diseases exploit features of societies that are social, political
  流行病的特征还包括社会和政治
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  and economic and environmental.
  经济和环境
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  Cholera is spread, as we'll see, exclusively by the oral fecal route;
  霍乱只能通过排泄物传播
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  that is, it's ingested by food and water contaminated by feces.
  也就是摄取了被污染的食物和水源
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  And it requires, therefore--it clearly is among the diseases,
  因此霍乱不同于
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  certainly that we've examined so far,
  我们之前讨论过的疾病
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  cholera is clearly different from plague
  霍乱明显不同于瘟疫和天花
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  and smallpox in that it's much more a social disease;
  它是一种社会疾病
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  that is to say, a disease that has a clear predilection
  也就是说 这种疾病倾向于