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in the context of two things going on.
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One is that during the Second Empire,
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which was that regime of Napoleon III
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that lasted from 1852 to till he was
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really rounded up by the Prussians in 1870.
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There was in the late 1860s a revival of republican
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and socialist organization,
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and of anarchist disorganization,
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if you will.
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In June of 1868 the Emperor legalizes public meetings,
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which had been illegal,
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and in Paris and in very many places,