whether it was a newly emerging disease,

无论是不是新兴的疾病
perhaps a mutation from yaws,

还是突变的热带肉芽肿
from a disease already present in Europe--

从已经存在于欧洲的疾病演变而来
it was clearly spread by this favorable opportunity of warfare

它显然已经传播开来
and the army of Charles VIII.

借助战争的机会以及查理八世的军队
Well, what's the etiology and symptomatology of syphilis?

那么梅毒的病因和症状又是什么
And here, this is the causative agent,

在这里这就是病原体
the treponema pallidum, or spirochete.

梅毒螺旋体或称螺旋体
This, the treponema pallidum,

这是梅毒螺旋体
has a special feature, in that it's exquisitely fastidious and fragile

它有一个特点精巧的挑剔并且脆弱
and requires very precise conditions in order to live.

必须为它们提供非常苛刻的生存条件
It cannot survive outside of bodily fluids

它无法在体液以外生存