and the army of Charles VIII.

借助战争的机会以及查理八世的军队
Well, what's the etiology and symptomatology of syphilis?

那么梅毒的病因和症状又是什么
And here, this is the causative agent,

在这里这就是病原体
the treponema pallidum, or spirochete.

梅毒螺旋体或称螺旋体
This, the treponema pallidum,

这是梅毒螺旋体
has a special feature, in that it's exquisitely fastidious and fragile

它有一个特点精巧的挑剔并且脆弱
and requires very precise conditions in order to live.

必须为它们提供非常苛刻的生存条件
It cannot survive outside of bodily fluids

它无法在体液以外生存
and the warmth of the human body

并必须依仗人体的温度
and therefore it can only be transmitted by intimate contact.

因此它只会籍由私密的交会而传播
Indeed, the spirochete is so delicate that

事实上这种螺旋体细致而优雅
it can hardly be cultivated in vitro,

极难在体外培养