来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：古希腊历史简介第4集第4集》

Well, erase all of those ideas from your head

而在这里我们讨论的是荷马时期
when you think about the world of Homer,and I would say,

所以我说在我们所研究的这个希腊时期
the world of Greece in the period we're studying.

你得忘掉这些基督教的概念
Arete derives from the Greek word anar,

Arete衍生自希腊语anar
which means man; man as opposed to woman.

意为男人与女人相对的男人
These are the masculine qualities as the Greeks saw them

希腊人认为德性是一些男性的品质
and primarily among them was the idea of courage:

其中最重要的品质是勇气
physical courage,moral courage,

肉体上的勇气道义上的勇气
mental courage,mainly courage in battle

精神上的勇气尤其是在战场上的勇气
is the most core aspect of this word,

是德性这个词最核心的方面
an idea which comes to spread

以此为基础拓展开去
and to be much more encompassing than that.

衍生出所包含意义更广泛的外延