Those are examples from syntax,

这些例子都是从语法上来说的
but language has many structures.

但语言却是有很多结构的
Language has structures going from the bottom to the top.

语言拥有自下而上的结构
All languages--All human languages have phonology,

所有人类语言都拥有语音
which is the system of sounds or signs;

语音是声音或符号系统
morphology, which is the system of words or morphemes,

语态也就是词或语素的系统
basic units of meaning

是意义的基本单位
and syntax, which refer to rules and principles

以及语法是指将词和短语
that put together words and phrases into meaningful utterances.

组成有意义表达的规则和原则
And I want to talk briefly about each of these three parts of language

在探讨一些其他问题之前
before looking at some other issues.

我想简单的讲一下语言的这三个成分
I'm indebted here to Steven Pinker's excellent book

非常感谢史蒂芬·平克写了这本精彩的