In fact, as we start discussing the foundations

事实上当我们开始讨论十六世纪
of modern science in the sixteenth century

现代科学的基础
there is even no distinction,

我们甚至无法完全区分
no sharp distinction, between sciences and social sciences.

自然科学和社会科学到底有多么不同
Right? The first author on our list,

对吧我们列表上的第一位奠基人
Thomas Hobbes, did a lot of work on optics

托马斯·霍布斯对光学就很有研究
and has been in a violent controversy with Descartes.

他与笛卡尔之间曾为此进行过激烈争论
So those of you who are in natural sciences are probably

你们当中研究自然科学的同学
familiar with Descartes and his pioneering work on optics.

可能对笛卡尔和他开创性的视觉著作很熟悉吧
John Locke, for those of you who aspire to become a doctor,

有志成为医生的人也许知道约翰·洛克
was actually studying medicine and performed a surgery

曾经是医学出身并为一位非常有名的
on a very well-known English politician,

英国政治家动过手术