来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：1871年后的法国 第6集 第6集》

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  Well, there are really two reasons that one can give.
  实际上有两个原因
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  One is that what happens because of the French Revolution,
  一个是法国大革命对于德国
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  to craftsmen in Germany, in parts of Italy and in France,
  意大利部分地区和法国的工匠产生的影响
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  is that it opens the doors and the guild protections are gone.
  打开了国家门户 行业保护也消失了
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  Anybody can be any trade you want.
  任何人都可以进行自由贸易
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  Laissez-faire capitalism, you want to be a plumber,
  放任主义的资本主义 你想做个水管工
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  you can be a plumber;
  你就可以做个水管工
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  you want to be a tailor,
  你想做个裁缝
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  you can be a tailor.
  你就可以做个裁缝
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  And, so, all of a sudden in Paris in the 1830s, '40s and '50s
  然后十九世纪三十到五十年代 突然间
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  there's all sorts of wagons being pushed through the street
  各种各样的马车奔跑在大街上
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  with beautifully made clothes on them,
  他们的衣服都穿得很漂亮