来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：资本主义：成功、危机与改革 第12集 第12集》
-
Where it's two parties交易双方 -
and there's no information asymmetry, right?并无信息不对称 -
Where there are two parties with symmetrical information.彼此应该拥有相等的信息 -
The most foundational aspect of a market system is that市场经济体制中最基本的一点就是 -
buyer and seller are equipped to keep each other honest.买卖双方彼此诚实 -
And where there is a huge information asymmetry,在严重信息不对称的情况下 -
we invent things like Moody's就有了穆迪 -
or appraisals of real estate as a substitute,或房地产估价师作为替代 -
a way of creating or simulating information symmetry.来生成或模拟信息对称 -
But if the third party agencies act like sellers但如果第三方机构并无诚信 -
to the side that pays them,而是站在卖家一边 -
the information asymmetry is信息不仅无法对称