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The story of these
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and other massive transformations used to
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be told as a kind of a triumphalist story,
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an unfolding of British destiny, what people refer to as
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'the Whig interpretation of history',
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a very nationalistic take on the history of this period.
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It traced the growth from the sixteenth century of
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political liberty, religious freedom,
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economic opulence,
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and world power
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as a kind of steady upward ascent.
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Sometimes it had to be hard fought against the forces of