来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：1600年后西方社会的流行病 第7集 第7集》

• 
  
  although it was present in Europe during the Crusades,
  尽管天花出现于十字军兴起时的欧洲
• 
  
  the conditions at that time
  但却是当时的社会状态
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  led to its beginning
  使得天花在其兴起时
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  to have a more important impact,
  更具攻击性
• 
  
  that reached its highpoint
  从而使得天花在十七世纪末期及整个十八世纪
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  in the late-seventeenth and then throughout the eighteenth century.
  到达了一个发病高峰
• 
  
  And that had to do with preconditions that enabled it to flourish,
  而其肆虐的前提
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  preconditions associated with industrial development,
  与工业的发展
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  the commercialization of agriculture,
  农业商品化
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  and rapid, unplanned urbanization.
  及迅猛发展的无规划城市化是分不开的
• 
  
  In the eighteenth century,
  在十八世纪
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  smallpox had clearly replaced plague
  天花已经取代了瘟疫