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which ravaged Paris in the 1830s
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and again in 1849.
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And this caused an enormous psychological shock,
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the idea that civilization was no sure-fire protection
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against sudden and agonizing disease.
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There was an unbearable contradiction that a city,
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that is Paris, that prided itself
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at being at the heart of European intellectual life,
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at being the leading city in the arts and culture,
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a world center, as you now know,of scientific medicine,
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could nevertheless be devastated
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by a disease that was associated with poverty,