来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：1871年后的法国第4集第4集》

and we had debated this before.

我们曾经为此争辩
And the three big agencies of change,

而带来变革的三大动力
some of which you've already heard a little bit about,

你们已经听过一些了
according to Weber,

根据韦伯的说法
that transformed peasants into Frenchmen were railroads;

铁路交通是农民变成法国人的第一动力
that is, again the trunk lines reaching out from Paris,

就是从巴黎延伸出的铁路干线
all railroads leading eventually to Paris;

所有的铁路最终都是通向巴黎的
secondly, military conscription,

第二个动力是征兵
teaching people Breton or people from Gascony

教会了布列塔尼人加斯科涅人
or even limousins, people from the center of france,

甚至法国中部人的利穆赞人
good French, or males anyway, by forcing them to speak French;

虽然只教男性强制他们说法语
and third, schools;

第三个动力是学校