that is, again the trunk lines reaching out from Paris,

就是从巴黎延伸出的铁路干线
all railroads leading eventually to Paris;

所有的铁路最终都是通向巴黎的
secondly, military conscription,

第二个动力是征兵
teaching people Breton or people from Gascony

教会了布列塔尼人加斯科涅人
or even limousins, people from the center of france,

甚至法国中部人的利穆赞人
good French, or males anyway, by forcing them to speak French;

虽然只教男性强制他们说法语
and third, schools;

第三个动力是学校
that is,

也就是
the increase in literacy in France, dramatic.

法国人的文化水平大幅度提高
In the course of the nineteenth century

19世纪期间
there was always a big gap between male literacy and female literacy,

男性的文化水平曾远远高于女性
and this gap is closed,

而这个差距在19世纪期间消失了