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was never higher than in the eighteenth century;
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it was pretty low in the nineteenth century.
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But still you have these competing sources to educate the young people.
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Now, parents often resist their kids going to school.
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Why would they want to do that?
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Well, mothers are responsible for the household economy.
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You have to have enough money
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to keep the household going.
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And for very many people, and not just workers and peasants,
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it was difficult to explain
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what difference in the long run that mattered
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if their child learned how to do more than the very minimum