and which now has been proclaimed independent,

现在已经宣布独立了
it was absolutely impoverished.

但是在过去那里曾经极度贫困
So, the ethnic complexity is, in itself,

因此说种族多样性本身
going to be a factor for destabilization.

就是社会不稳定的一个因素
What about Poland?

波兰是什么情况呢
Poland had not been independent since 1795, since the Third partition.

知道1795年的第三次分裂时它才独立
You had, as I've already discussed in other contexts,

在以前的课上我讲过
you've got Polish intellectuals.

关于18世纪30与60年代
You've got political militants in the 1830s and again in the 1860s

波兰的知识分子与政界人士
who don't want to be part of congress Russia.

他们不愿隶属于俄罗斯
They don't want to be congress Poland.

不愿隶属于波兰联合体
They don't want to be part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.

也不愿成为奥匈帝国的一部分