来自《耶鲁大学开放课程：金融市场 第3集 第3集》

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  government officials were all picked by political patronage
  通常都是走后门进来的
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  and they, very often, were incompetent.
  他们经常都是不称职的
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  We set up--this is not a new idea,
  我们建立了 这不是什么新主意
• 
  
  this goes back to China thousands of years ago,
  可以追溯到几千年前的中国
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  but it started to be widely done--
  但这次开始广泛地实施开来
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  So you had a Civil Service exam that established your competence.
  你得参加公务员考试来考核你的能力
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  So, you had competent people
  这样 你就可以得到称职的
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  with their typewriters and carbon papers.
  打字员和复印员
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  Also, the filing cabinet--
  还有档案橱柜
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  that sounds like a minor thing--
  听起来很微不足道
• 
  
  was invented in the 1890s.
  是在19世纪九十年代发明的
• 
  
  Before that, people used to put papers in piles,
  在此之前 人们经常将纸堆起来