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Another implication was public health policy.
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In Europe and North America,
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hygiene had given rise to a broad-gauge sanitarian movement;
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one that reformed urban living conditions
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through what we might call--
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and introducing a new jargon into our course--
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horizontal programs of public health;
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that is, improvements that dealt with living conditions
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across a broad spectrum of diseases.
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We've seen that in the sanitary movement.
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In the tropics, instead,
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metropolitan powers applied a different vision