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fear, Honor, and interest
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and in this case --
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it's usually some combination of all of these things.
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In this case,
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all of them were engaged,
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but I think fear is legitimately the one that's prominent.
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It's the one that Thucydides puts at the head of the list,
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and you can see why it might be right.
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What about Athens?
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Why did the Athenians behave as they did?
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Pericles and the Athenians followed
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this moderate policy of deterrence.