What really happens with railroads if you don't know how to run them,

如果没有铁路会怎么样呢
and the early railroads nobody knew how to run,

早些时候没人知道铁路是个什么
was that as the railroad scope or scale

随着铁路规模的增大
got larger, average costs actually went up.

平均成本也随之增加
The reason they went up was that

原因不过是因为
you had to build a mammoth bureaucracy to run the thing.

庞大的管理层人员
The Pennsylvania Railroad got to 50,000 employees fast.

宾夕法尼亚州铁路有五万员工
The challenge of how to organize that large workforce

如何管理这些人
became severe.

是个严峻的问题
The first cut was spatial,

第一个是空间的划分问题
without the kind of surveillance

不像现在这样拥有监视
and information technology we have today,

与通信的科技