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they had the telegraph fairly early on and that's all they had.
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And the control over a massive network--
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this is The New York Central System--
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meant that they cut the system into sections
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and created a set of authorities within each such section.
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The ones I've drawn here in red are merely illustrative.
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Then there was a division of function.
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There were people who worried about railroad cars.
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There were people who worried about track.
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There were people who dealt with passengers,
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others with freight, finance, cost accounting,
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human resources, and so on.